Research · Doran, Management Review 70(11), American Management Association, 1981
There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives
management literature
Supports the shape of a target as specific, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-related: a level on one reading, owned by one initiative, due within one window.
Read Doran, G. T. (1981). There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives. Management Review, 70(11), 35-36. · retrieved 2026-09-26
What it informs — 1
This source is what the model was built from. It does not itself commit the model to anything — a commitment does, and the ones it informs are named above.